What is Racial Profiling?

" After September 11, 2001, charges that racial indite was targeting case-by-cases of putatively Middle Eastern Arabic or Muslim characteristics stirred up the debate once again.

It is readily app arent, fit in to S solelyy Donnelly (2003), that racial compose on its face represents at least attitudes or beliefs that reflect prejudice or prejudice against specific groups. Those who consider racial profiling to be a violation of civil liberties believe that it is neither necessary nor utile in general crime prevention or the contend on terror. As significantly, racial and/or religious profiling is seen by its critics as ineffective because it keeps law enforcement from digging deeper into miserable investigation and is therefore accompanied by potentially minus consequences to long-term investigatory activities (Ramirez, Hoopes, & Quinlan, 2003).

The perception that police engage in racial profiling by singling out individuals based on race, ethnicity, national origin, or religion is seen by Ramirez, et al (2003) as arising out of a long American history of adversarial dealing between law enforcement, communities of color, and other disenfranchised groups. Particularly defendant cook been the practices of highway traffic stop and searches, many of which were conjugate at least initially to an earlier domestic struggle - the War on Drugs. However, Frum (2003) cites

racial profiling is, however, quite different from the kind of profiling activities that are routinely carried out by sophisticated law enforcement investigators, much(prenominal) as those working for the FBI.

In this sense of the term "profiling," Donnelly (2003) states that investigators converge not only superficial characteristics such as race, ethnicity, or perceived national origin to a possible suspect, exclusively also certain behavioral and attitudinal cues as well. Ensuring security at airports after September 11th has led investigators to carefully visit body language and movement while listening to concourse talk to gain insight into whether or not an individual is a potential offender.

Donnelly, S.B. (2003). A chastened airport watches for

the drug war. Stanford honor Review, 56(3), 571-603.

Ramirez, D.A., Hoopes, J., & Quinlan, T.L. (2003). Defining

a comprehensive study which indicates that in the case of saucy Jersey, there is evidence suggesting that police intuition regarding the possible activities of drivers have proven correct in that in a angiotensin converting enzyme year well over 70 percent of all people stopped and searched for drugs were found to have drugs in their possession, disregarding of their race or ethnicity.

Criminal Law Review, 40(3), 1195-1233.

Banks, R.R. (2003). Beyond profiling: race, policing, and

racial profiling in a post-September 11 wor
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